Improper Input Validation

go-ethereum (geth) is a golang execution layer implementation of the Ethereum protocol. Prior to version 1.16.9, a vulnerable node can be forced to shutdown/crash using a specially crafted message. The problem is resolved in the v1.16.9 and v1.17.0 releases of Geth.Show less

CediPay is a crypto-to-fiat app for the Ghanaian market. A vulnerability in CediPay prior to version 1.2.3 allows attackers to bypass input validation in the transaction API. The issue has been fixed in version 1.2.3. If upgrading is not immediately possible, restrict API access to trusted networks or IP ranges; enforce strict input validation at the application layer; and/or monitor transaction logs for anomalies or suspicious activity. These mitigations reduce exposure but do not fully eliminate the vulnerability.Show less

The Two Factor (2FA) Authentication via Email plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to Two-Factor Authentication Bypass in versions up to, and including, 1.9.8. This is because the SS88_2FAVE::wp_login() method only enforces the 2FA requirement if the 'token' HTTP GET parameter is undefined, which makes it possible to bypass two-factor authentication by supplying any value in the 'token' parameter during login, including an empty one.Show less

Improper Input Validation vulnerability in Apache Tomcat Native, Apache Tomcat. When using an OCSP responder, Tomcat Native (and Tomcat's FFM port of the Tomcat Native code) did not complete verification or freshness checks on the OCSP response which could allow certificate revocation to be bypassed. This issue affects Apache Tomcat Native:  from 1.3.0 through 1.3.4, from 2.0.0 through 2.0.11; Apache Tomcat: from 11.0.0-M1 through 11.0.17, from 10.1.0-M7 through 10.1.51, from 9.0.83 through 9.0.114. The following versions were EOL at the time the CVE was created but are known to be affected: from 1.1.23 through 1.1.34, from 1.2.0 through 1.2.39. Older EOL versions are not affected. Apache Tomcat Native users are recommended to upgrade to versions 1.3.5 or later or 2.0.12 or later, which fix the issue. Apache Tomcat users are recommended to upgrade to versions 11.0.18 or later, 10.1.52 or later or 9.0.115 or later which fix the issue.Show less

Improper Input Validation vulnerability in Apache Tomcat. Tomcat did not limit HTTP/0.9 requests to the GET method. If a security constraint was configured to allow HEAD requests to a URI but deny GET requests, the user could bypass that constraint on GET requests by sending a (specification invalid) HEAD request using HTTP/0.9. This issue affects Apache Tomcat: from 11.0.0-M1 through 11.0.14, from 10.1.0-M1 through 10.1.49, from 9.0.0.M1 through 9.0.112. Older, EOL versions are also affected. Users are recommended to upgrade to version 11.0.15 or later, 10.1.50 or later or 9.0.113 or later, which fixes the issue.Show less

Improper Input Validation vulnerability. This issue affects Apache Tomcat: from 11.0.0-M1 through 11.0.14, from 10.1.0-M1 through 10.1.49, from 9.0.0-M1 through 9.0.112. The following versions were EOL at the time the CVE was created but are known to be affected: 8.5.0 through 8.5.100. Older EOL versions are not affected. Tomcat did not validate that the host name provided via the SNI extension was the same as the host name provided in the HTTP host header field. If Tomcat was configured with more than one virtual host and the TLS configuration for one of those hosts did not require client certificate authentication but another one did, it was possible for a client to bypass the client certificate authentication by sending different host names in the SNI extension and the HTTP host header field. The vulnerability only applies if client certificate authentication is only enforced at the Connector. It does not apply if client certificate authentication is enforced at the web application. Users are recommended to upgrade to version 11.0.15 or later, 10.1.50 or later or 9.0.113 or later, which fix the issue.Show less

A weakness has been identified in JeecgBoot 3.9.1. This vulnerability affects the function importDocumentFromZip of the file org/jeecg/modules/airag/llm/controller/AiragKnowledgeController.java of the component Retrieval-Augmented Generation. Executing a manipulation can lead to deserialization. The attack can be launched remotely. Attacks of this nature are highly complex. It is stated that the exploitability is difficult. The project was informed of the problem early through an issue report but has not responded yet.Show less

In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: net: fix segmentation of forwarding fraglist GRO This patch enhances GSO segment handling by properly checking the SKB_GSO_DODGY flag for frag_list GSO packets, addressing low throughput issues observed when a station accesses IPv4 servers via hotspots with an IPv6-only upstream interface. Specifically, it fixes a bug in GSO segmentation when forwarding GRO packets containing a frag_list. The function skb_segment_list cannot correctly process GRO skbs that have been converted by XLAT, since XLAT only translates the header of the head skb. Consequently, skbs in the frag_list may remain untranslated, resulting in protocol inconsistencies and reduced throughput. To address this, the patch explicitly sets the SKB_GSO_DODGY flag for GSO packets in XLAT's IPv4/IPv6 protocol translation helpers (bpf_skb_proto_4_to_6 and bpf_skb_proto_6_to_4). This marks GSO packets as potentially modified after protocol translation. As a result, GSO segmentation will avoid using skb_segment_list and instead falls back to skb_segment for packets with the SKB_GSO_DODGY flag. This ensures that only safe and fully translated frag_list packets are processed by skb_segment_list, resolving protocol inconsistencies and improving throughput when forwarding GRO packets converted by XLAT.Show less

An improper input validation and protocol compliance vulnerability in free5GC v4.0.1 allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service. The UPF incorrectly accepts a malformed PFCP Association Setup Request, violating 3GPP TS 29.244. This places the UPF in an inconsistent state where a subsequent valid PFCP Session Establishment Request triggers a cascading failure, disrupting the SMF connection and causing service degradation.Show less

### Summary The `arrayLimit` option in qs does not enforce limits for comma-separated values when `comma: true` is enabled, allowing attackers to cause denial-of-service via memory exhaustion. This is a bypass of the array limit enforcement, similar to the bracket notation bypass addressed in GHSA-6rw7-vpxm-498p (CVE-2025-15284). ### Details When the `comma` option is set to `true` (not the default, but configurable in applications), qs allows parsing comma-separated strings as arrays (e.g., `?param=a,b,c` becomes `['a', 'b', 'c']`). However, the limit check for `arrayLimit` (default: 20) and the optional throwOnLimitExceeded occur after the comma-handling logic in `parseArrayValue`, enabling a bypass. This permits creation of arbitrarily large arrays from a single parameter, leading to excessive memory allocation. **Vulnerable code** (lib/parse.js: lines ~40-50): ```js if (val && typeof val === 'string' && options.comma && val.indexOf(',') > -1) {     return val.split(','); } if (options.throwOnLimitExceeded && currentArrayLength >= options.arrayLimit) {     throw new RangeError('Array limit exceeded. Only ' + options.arrayLimit + ' element' + (options.arrayLimit === 1 ? '' : 's') + ' allowed in an array.'); } return val; ``` The `split(',')` returns the array immediately, skipping the subsequent limit check. Downstream merging via `utils.combine` does not prevent allocation, even if it marks overflows for sparse arrays.This discrepancy allows attackers to send a single parameter with millions of commas (e.g., `?param=,,,,,,,,...`), allocating massive arrays in memory without triggering limits. It bypasses the intent of `arrayLimit`, which is enforced correctly for indexed (`a[0]=`) and bracket (`a[]=`) notations (the latter fixed in v6.14.1 per GHSA-6rw7-vpxm-498p). ### PoC **Test 1 - Basic bypass:** ``` npm install qs ``` ```js const qs = require('qs'); const payload = 'a=' + ','.repeat(25); // 26 elements after split (bypasses arrayLimit: 5) const options = { comma: true, arrayLimit: 5, throwOnLimitExceeded: true }; try {   const result = qs.parse(payload, options);   console.log(result.a.length); // Outputs: 26 (bypass successful) } catch (e) {   console.log('Limit enforced:', e.message); // Not thrown } ``` **Configuration:** - `comma: true` - `arrayLimit: 5` - `throwOnLimitExceeded: true` Expected: Throws "Array limit exceeded" error. Actual: Parses successfully, creating an array of length 26. ### Impact Denial of Service (DoS) via memory exhaustion.Show less

An issue existed in the handling of environment variables. This issue was addressed with improved validation. This issue is fixed in iOS 26.3 and iPadOS 26.3, macOS Sequoia 15.7.4, macOS Sonoma 14.8.4, macOS Tahoe 26.3, visionOS 26.3, watchOS 26.3. An app may be able to access sensitive user data.Show less

Improper input validation for some Server Firmware Update Utility(SysFwUpdt) before version 16.0.12 within Ring 3: User Applications may allow an escalation of privilege. System software adversary with a privileged user combined with a low complexity attack may enable escalation of privilege. This result may potentially occur via local access when attack requirements are present without special internal knowledge and requires no user interaction. The potential vulnerability may impact the confidentiality (high), integrity (high) and availability (high) of the vulnerable system, resulting in subsequent system confidentiality (none), integrity (none) and availability (none) impacts.Show less

Improper input validation for some Server Firmware Update Utility(SysFwUpdt) before version 16.0.12 within Ring 3: User Applications may allow an escalation of privilege. System software adversary with a privileged user combined with a high complexity attack may enable local code execution. This result may potentially occur via local access when attack requirements are present without special internal knowledge and requires no user interaction. The potential vulnerability may impact the confidentiality (high), integrity (high) and availability (high) of the vulnerable system, resulting in subsequent system confidentiality (none), integrity (none) and availability (none) impacts.Show less

Adminer is open-source database management software. Adminer v5.4.1 and earlier has a version check mechanism where adminer.org sends signed version info via JavaScript postMessage, which the browser then POSTs to ?script=version. This endpoint lacks origin validation and accepts POST data from any source. An attacker can POST version[] parameter which PHP converts to an array. On next page load, openssl_verify() receives this array instead of string and throws TypeError, returning HTTP 500 to all users. Upgrade to Adminer 5.4.2.Show less

A security vulnerability has been detected in yuan1994 tpadmin up to 1.3.12. This affects an unknown part in the library /public/static/admin/lib/webuploader/0.1.5/server/preview.php of the component WebUploader. The manipulation leads to deserialization. The attack is possible to be carried out remotely. The exploit has been disclosed publicly and may be used. This vulnerability only affects products that are no longer supported by the maintainer.Show less

n8n is an open source workflow automation platform. Prior to 1.121.0, there is a vulnerability in the HTTP Request node's credential domain validation allowed an authenticated attacker to send requests with credentials to unintended domains, potentially leading to credential exfiltration. This only might affect user who have credentials that use wildcard domain patterns (e.g., *.example.com) in the "Allowed domains" setting. This issue is fixed in version 1.121.0 and later.Show less

Claude Code is an agentic coding tool. Prior to version 2.0.55, Claude Code failed to properly validate commands using piped sed operations with the echo command, allowing attackers to bypass file write restrictions. This vulnerability enabled writing to sensitive directories like the .claude folder and paths outside the project scope. Exploiting this required the ability to execute commands through Claude Code with the "accept edits" feature enabled. This issue has been patched in version 2.0.55.Show less