Improper Neutralization of Special Elements Used in a Template Engine

Zammad is a web based open source helpdesk/customer support system. Prior to 7.0.1, a server-side template injection vulnerability which leads to RCE via AI Agent exists. Impact is limited to environments where an attacker can control or influence type_enrichment_data (typically high-privilege administrative configuration). This vulnerability is fixed in 7.0.1.Show less

BentoML is a Python library for building online serving systems optimized for AI apps and model inference. Prior to 1.4.38, the Dockerfile generation function generate_containerfile() in src/bentoml/_internal/container/generate.py uses an unsandboxed jinja2.Environment with the jinja2.ext.do extension to render user-provided dockerfile_template files. When a victim imports a malicious bento archive and runs bentoml containerize, attacker-controlled Jinja2 template code executes arbitrary Python directly on the host machine, bypassing all container isolation. This vulnerability is fixed in 1.4.38.Show less

A vulnerability has been found in AntaresMugisho PyBlade 0.1.8-alpha/0.1.9-alpha. The affected element is the function _is_safe_ast of the file sandbox.py of the component AST Validation. Such manipulation leads to improper neutralization of special elements used in a template engine. The attack may be performed from remote. The exploit has been disclosed to the public and may be used. The project was informed of the problem early through an issue report but has not responded yet.Show less

RAGFlow is an open-source RAG (Retrieval-Augmented Generation) engine. In versions 0.24.0 and prior, a Server-Side Template Injection (SSTI) vulnerability exists in RAGFlow's Agent workflow Text Processing (StringTransform) and Message components. These components use Python's jinja2.Template (unsandboxed) to render user-supplied templates, allowing any authenticated user to execute arbitrary operating system commands on the server. At time of publication, there are no publicly available patches.Show less

ZEBRA is a Zcash node written entirely in Rust. Prior to zebrad version 4.3.0 and zebra-chain version 6.0.1, a vulnerability in Zebra's transaction processing logic allows a remote, unauthenticated attacker to cause a Zebra node to panic (crash). This is triggered by sending a specially crafted V5 transaction that passes initial deserialization but fails during transaction ID calculation. This issue has been patched in zebrad version 4.3.0 and zebra-chain version 6.0.1.Show less

Giskard is an open-source Python library for testing and evaluating agentic systems. Prior to versions 0.3.4 and 1.0.2b1, ChatWorkflow.chat(message) passes its string argument directly as a Jinja2 template source to a non-sandboxed Environment. A developer who passes user input to this method enables full remote code execution via Jinja2 class traversal. The method name chat and parameter name message naturally invite passing user input directly, but the string is silently parsed as a Jinja2 template, not treated as plain text. This issue has been patched in versions 0.3.4 and 1.0.2b1.Show less

OpenOlat is an open source web-based e-learning platform for teaching, learning, assessment and communication. Prior to versions 19.1.31, 20.1.18, and 20.2.5, an authenticated user with the Author role can inject Velocity directives into a reminder email template. When the reminder is processed (either triggered manually or via the daily cron job), the injected directives are evaluated server-side. By chaining Velocity's #set directive with Java reflection, an attacker can instantiate arbitrary Java classes such as java.lang.ProcessBuilder and execute operating system commands with the privileges of the Tomcat process (typically root in containerized deployments). This issue has been patched in versions 19.1.31, 20.1.18, and 20.2.5.Show less

nanobot is a personal AI assistant. Prior to version 0.1.6, an indirect prompt injection vulnerability exists in the email channel processing module (`nanobot/channels/email.py`), allowing a remote, unauthenticated attacker to execute arbitrary LLM instructions (and subsequently, system tools) without any interaction from the bot owner. By sending an email containing malicious prompts to the bot's monitored email address, the bot automatically polls, ingests, and processes the email content as highly trusted input, fully bypassing channel isolation and resulting in a stealthy, zero-click attack. Version 0.1.6 patches the issue.Show less

Incus is a system container and virtual machine manager. Prior to version 6.23.0, instance template files can be used to cause arbitrary read or writes as root on the host server. Incus allows for pongo2 templates within instances which can be used at various times in the instance lifecycle to template files inside of the instance. This particular implementation of pongo2 within Incus allowed for file read/write but with the expectation that the pongo2 chroot feature would isolate all such access to the instance's filesystem. This was allowed such that a template could theoretically read a file and then generate a new version of said file. Unfortunately the chroot isolation mechanism is entirely skipped by pongo2 leading to easy access to the entire system's filesystem with root privileges. Version 6.23.0 patches the issue.Show less

dynaconf is a configuration management tool for Python. Prior to version 3.2.13, Dynaconf is vulnerable to Server-Side Template Injection (SSTI) due to unsafe template evaluation in the @Jinja resolver. When the jinja2 package is installed, Dynaconf evaluates template expressions embedded in configuration values without a sandboxed environment. This issue has been patched in version 3.2.13.Show less

Uptime Kuma is an open source, self-hosted monitoring tool. In versions 1.23.0 through 2.2.0, the fix from GHSA-vffh-c9pq-4crh doesn't fully work to preventServer-side Template Injection (SSTI). The three mitigations added to the Liquid engine (root, relativeReference, dynamicPartials) only block quoted paths. If a project uses an unquoted absolute path, attackers can still read any file on the server. The original fix in notification-provider.js only constrains the first two steps of LiquidJS's file resolution (via root, relativeReference, and dynamicPartials options), but the third step, the require.resolve() fallback in liquid.node.js has no containment check, allowing unquoted absolute paths like /etc/passwd to resolve successfully. Quoted paths happen to be blocked only because the literal quote characters cause require.resolve('"/etc/passwd"') to throw a MODULE_NOT_FOUND error, not because of any intentional security measure. This issue has been fixed in version 2.2.1.Show less

Webhooks for Craft CMS plugin adds the ability to manage “webhooks” in Craft CMS, which will send GET or POST requests when certain events occur. From version 3.0.0 to before version 3.2.0, the Webhooks plugin renders user-supplied template content through Twig’s renderString() function without sandbox protection. This allows an authenticated user with access to the Craft control panel and permissions to access the Webhooks plugin to inject Twig template code that calls arbitrary PHP functions. This is possible even if allowAdminChanges is set to false. This issue has been patched in version 3.2.0.Show less

JumpServer is an open source bastion host and an operation and maintenance security audit system. a Server-Side Template Injection (SSTI) vulnerability exists in JumpServer's Applet and VirtualApp upload functionality. This vulnerability can only be exploited by users with administrative privileges (Application Applet Management or Virtual Application Management permissions). Attackers can exploit this vulnerability to execute arbitrary code within the JumpServer Core container. The vulnerability arises from unsafe use of Jinja2 template rendering when processing user-uploaded YAML configuration files. When a user uploads an Applet or VirtualApp ZIP package, the manifest.yml file is rendered through Jinja2 without sandbox restrictions, allowing template injection attacks.Show less

Beghelli Sicuro24 SicuroWeb contains a template injection vulnerability that allows attackers to inject arbitrary AngularJS expressions by exploiting improper rendering of untrusted input in AngularJS template contexts. Attackers can inject malicious expressions that are compiled and executed by the AngularJS 1.5.2 runtime to achieve arbitrary JavaScript execution in operator browser sessions, with network-adjacent attackers able to deliver payloads via MITM injection in plaintext HTTP deployments.Show less

A flaw has been found in 1024-lab/lab1024 SmartAdmin up to 3.29. Affected by this issue is the function freemarkerResolverContent of the file sa-base/src/main/java/net/lab1024/sa/base/module/support/mail/MailService.java of the component FreeMarker Template Handler. Executing a manipulation of the argument template_content can lead to improper neutralization of special elements used in a template engine. The attack can be launched remotely. The exploit has been published and may be used. The vendor was contacted early about this disclosure but did not respond in any way.Show less

A vulnerability has been found in OpenCart 4.0.2.3. Affected by this issue is the function Save of the file admin/controller/design/template.php of the component Incomplete Fix CVE-2024-36694. Such manipulation leads to improper neutralization of special elements used in a template engine. The attack may be performed from remote. The vendor was contacted early about this disclosure but did not respond in any way.Show less

Craft is a content management system (CMS). Prior to 5.8.22 and 4.16.18, it is possible to craft a malicious payload using the Twig map filter in text fields that accept Twig input under Settings in the Craft control panel or using the System Messages utility, which could lead to a RCE. For this to work, you must have administrator access to the Craft Control Panel, and allowAdminChanges must be enabled for this to work, which is against our recommendations for any non-dev environment. Alternatively, you can have a non-administrator account with allowAdminChanges disabled, but you have access to the System Messages utility. Users should update to the patched versions (5.8.22 and 4.16.18) to mitigate the issue.Show less

Craft is a content management system (CMS). Prior to 5.9.0-beta.1 and 4.17.0-beta.1, Craft CMS implements a blocklist to prevent potentially dangerous PHP functions from being called via Twig non-Closure arrow functions. In order to be able to successfully execute this attack, you need to either have allowAdminChanges enabled on production, or a compromised admin account, or an account with access to the System Messages utility. Several PHP functions are not included in the blocklist, which could allow malicious actors with the required permissions to execute various types of payloads, including RCEs, arbitrary file reads, SSRFs, and SSTIs. This vulnerability is fixed in 5.9.0-beta.1 and 4.17.0-beta.1.Show less

Craft is a content management system (CMS). Prior to 4.17.0-beta.1 and 5.9.0-beta.1, an authenticated administrator can achieve Remote Code Execution (RCE) by injecting a Server-Side Template Injection (SSTI) payload into Twig template fields (e.g., Email Templates). By calling the craft.app.fs.write() method, an attacker can write a malicious PHP script to a web-accessible directory and subsequently access it via the browser to execute arbitrary system commands. This vulnerability is fixed in 4.17.0-beta.1 and 5.9.0-beta.1.Show less